Lessons from the Gulags – Part 2

As I mentioned in the first installment, Alexander Solzhenitsyn was both burdened and blessed with the misery of the Russian gulags. Burdened because he was a victim and witness to horrors that most cannot begin to imagine. Blessed because he learned the lessons that the gulags had to teach.

I want to explore one such lesson here today. A lesson about the face of evil and the ways in which ideology gives evil the necessary fuel to really take off and soar into space.

Read More

How to be an Antiracist – A Review

Ibram X. Kendi has been described as one of the foremost historians and leading voices of antiracism. He is a New York Times #1 best selling author and a contributing writer at the Atlantic, just to list a few of his accolades.[1]

In 2019, Kendi published “How to be an Antiracist” which was praised by the New York Times as “the most courageous book to date on the problem of race in the Western mind”[2]

In this book Kendi offers a personal memoir in which he retells significant events from his life and explores philosophical ideas around race and racism. The book maps Kendi’s own journey towards ‘antiracist’ ideology.

What I found particularly helpful about this book is how forthright Kendi is about the radical nature of his beliefs. Many Critical Theorists and grievance hustlers are often too embarrassed to state their true intentions outright. Not Kendi. From out the gate, he is willing to espouse the most radical forms of Critical Theory ideology and put into words what his contemporaries are sheepish to admit.

For example, on page 18 he says this

A racist policy is any measure that produces or sustains racial inequity between racial groups. An antiracist policy is any measure that produces or sustains racial equity between racial groups. By policy, I mean written and unwritten laws, rules, procedures, processes, regulations, and guidelines that govern people. There is no such thing as a nonracist or race-neutral policy. Every policy in every institution in every community in every nation is producing or sustaining either racial inequity or equity between racial groups.[3]

Now consider just how radical a claim this is. “Any measure that produces or sustains racial inequity”. By this standard, the policy that makes murder illegal would be considered a racist policy because this policy produces a disparity between the races. What Kendi refuses to recognise is that proportional representation in outcomes is something that has not been achieved or even approximated in any society in recorded history.[4] Moreover, in order to achieve proportionate outcomes, governments and institutions must discriminate against people on the basis of race or ethnicity.

What might this idea look like in practice? Well, in New Zealand, a surgeon might triage his patients and determine who needs surgery most urgently and create a waiting list based on urgency. He may also take into account how long a patient has been waiting. Both these factors would be considered racist by people like Kendi because these sorts of policies produce a disparity between different ethnicities. Instead what surgeons now have to do is give priority to Pacific Island and Maori patients in order to create more ‘equitable’ results.[5] Surgeons need to discriminate against people based on their ethnicity in order to be ‘antiracist’.

Now before I am accused of misrepresenting Kendi’s positions here; Kendi himself is happy to state this explicitly. He says this on page 19;

The only remedy to racist discrimination is antiracist discrimination. The only remedy to past discrimination is present discrimination. The only remedy to present discrimination is future discrimination.[6]

Ibram X. Kendi is more than happy to discriminate against people based on the colour of their skin. He is happily content to award certain people with advantages and burden certain people with disadvantages based purely on their participation in one ethnic group or another.

By any meaningful standard, Kendi is a racist.

He is an ethnic discriminator. He is the one who treats people differently based on the colour of their skin. The great irony of Kendi’s book is that it is a masterful work of projection. The guy who openly calls for race-based discrimination has the gall to call racist anyone who might advocate for impartiality and equal treatment before the law.

RACIST: One who is supporting a racist policy through their actions or inaction or expressing a racist idea.[7]

Kendi is not anti-discrimination, rather, in many cases he is pro-discrimination. For Critical Theorists any disparity has to be explained by some form of oppression. Kendi has a predetermined commitment to the worldview of oppression. He does not examine the evidence to determine whether or not racism exists, rather, racism and oppression are the very lenses through which he examines all evidence. So overriding is this principle that Kendi can assert;

A racist idea is any idea that suggests one racial group is inferior or superior to another racial group in any way.[8]

In his attempt to get rid of any other explanation for disparities, Kendi wants to make clear that the cause for disparity cannot be the results of any factors within the group itself. For example, suggesting that educational disparities between Asian students and Black students are a result of cultural difference, namely that Asians generally value education more than Blacks, is considered racist. Yet studies show that Asian students prefer to spend more time doing school work than Blacks.[9] These disparities are not peculiar to Blacks in America. In Australia, Chinese students spent more than twice as much time on homework as their White counterparts.[10]

Kendi is not concerned with these kinds of explanatory tools, however. Like other Critical Theorists, he simply considers empirical evidence, soundness, and reason to be tools of oppression.[11]

Anyone who would suggest paths of cultural improvement is merely an ‘assimilationist’;

ASSIMILATIONIST: One who is expressing the racist idea that a racial group is culturally or behaviorally inferior and is supporting cultural or behavioral enrichment programs to develop that racial group.[12]

Seventy percent of black children are born to single mothers. The black community would be enriched if they raised children in stable two-parent households. Children from fatherless homes are more likely to be poor, become involved in drug and alcohol abuse, drop out of school, and suffer from health and emotional problems. Boys are more likely to become involved in crime, and girls are more likely to become pregnant as teens.[13] Pointing this out is not racist. Refusing to recognise responsibility for this cause of disparity and suffering is what truly damages communities and cultures.

The full destructive force is seen later in the book when Kendi advocates the tearing down of capitalism, and why not? When people are free to own property and make decisions based on their own preferences, disparity will result. Some ideas are better than others. Some products are better than others. Some people are able to generate more wealth and produce more than others. All of this, by Kendi’s definition, is racist;

To love capitalism is to end up loving racism. To love racism is to end up loving capitalism. The conjoined twins are two sides of the same destructive body.[14]

Kendi’s vision of utopian equity is unachievable in a free society. When people are free to make decisions for themselves disparity will always exist. This is not a bad thing. No one complains that Pacific Islanders are ‘over-represented’ in the All Blacks. No one complains that Blacks are over-represented in the NBA.

If we want to manufacture equal outcomes in all institutions, then the only way this is achieved is through the kind of tyrannical oppression that has wrought misery and suffering throughout the globe. Communism and socialism share Kendi’s goals of equitable outcomes, and the fruit of this ideology has been 100 million dead in the last century.

It is frightening that Kendi seems fine with top-down oppression in order to achieve his utopia. It is even more frightening that people who consider themselves compassionate and on the side of the oppressed are praising his book and supporting his deadly ideas. Elsewhere Kendi has advocated an “antiracist amendment” to the constitution;

To fix the original sin of racism, Americans should pass an anti-racist amendment to the U.S. Constitution that enshrines two guiding anti-racist principals: Racial inequity is evidence of racist policy and the different racial groups are equals. The amendment would make unconstitutional racial inequity over a certain threshold, as well as racist ideas by public officials (with “racist ideas” and “public official” clearly defined). It would establish and permanently fund the Department of Anti-racism (DOA) comprised of formally trained experts on racism and no political appointees. The DOA would be responsible for preclearing all local, state and federal public policies to ensure they won’t yield racial inequity, monitor those policies, investigate private racist policies when racial inequity surfaces, and monitor public officials for expressions of racist ideas. The DOA would be empowered with disciplinary tools to wield over and against policymakers and public officials who do not voluntarily change their racist policy and ideas.[15]

Great! Just what we need… An antiracist police force that can wield disciplinary tools over those who aren’t discriminating against people based on race. Will these disciplinary tools include Gulags?

So, in summary, in order to be antiracist, we all need to start discriminating against people on the basis of race, we need to abandon capitalism and we need a tyrannical government agency to punish anyone who doesn’t get with the program.

With that in mind, I guess I’m okay with being the kind of hideous racist who thinks that we should treat all people equally.


[1] For more bio information see this link; https://www.ibramxkendi.com/about

[2] https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/20/books/review/how-to-be-an-antiracist-ibram-x-kendi.html

[3] Kendi, Ibram X.. How To Be an Antiracist (p. 18). Random House.

[4] Horowitz, D. L. (1985). Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley, University of California Press. p. 677

[5] https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/121640802/mori-and-pasifika-given-priority-in-elective-surgery-waitlists

[6] Kendi, Ibram X.. How To Be an Antiracist (p. 19). Random House.

[7] Ibid (p. 13)..

[8] Ibid (p. 20).

[9] Thomas D. Snyder, Cristobal de Brey and Sally A. Dillow, Digest of Education Statistics: 2015, 51st edition (Washington: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 2016), pp. 328, 329.

[10] Sowell, Thomas. Discrimination and Disparities (p. 102). Basic Books.

[11] Bailey, A. (2017) Tracking Privilege-Preserving Epistemic Pushback. p. 181 “By interrogating the politics of knowledge-production, this tradition also calls into question the uses of the accepted critical-thinking toolkit to determine epistemic adequacy. To extend Audre Lorde’s classic metaphor, the tools of the critical thinking tradition (for example, validity, soundness, conceptual clarity) cannot dismantle the master’s house:”

[12] Kendi, Ibram X.. How To Be an Antiracist (p. 24). Random House.

[13] https://fathers.com/statistics-and-research/the-consequences-of-fatherlessness/

[14] Kendi, Ibram X.. How To Be an Antiracist (p. 163). Random House.

[15] https://www.politico.com/interactives/2019/how-to-fix-politics-in-america/inequality/pass-an-anti-racist-constitutional-amendment/

God’s Big Design

God’s big design is an excellent introduction to Genesis 1-2. At the outset, Roberts points out that Genesis is not setting out to answer the questions of modern science, and the book really avoids commenting on this issue much at all. Rather, there are five chapters, each dealing with important doctrines introduced in the first two chapters of Genesis.

In the first chapter we are introduced to the divine Creator. Genesis teaches that God alone is eternal, and thus philosophical materialism is wrong. In addition, accidentalism, the view that there is no guiding hand but chance alone is also wrong. Finally, Genesis presents God alone as sovereign, thus humanism with its lofty claims about mankind is also wrong. Flowing from these truths are implications for meaning, morality and worship. There is meaning to the universe, and we find that in living for God’s glory. There is fixed morality that derives from God’s eternal character, and the only right response to God the creator is worship.

The second chapter deals with God’s design for humanity. Here Roberts contrasts differing views that people have about humanity. Some see humanity as divine, others as worthless. Genesis shows that neither view is accurate. It teaches that we are created, physical and sexual beings. The implications are that God cares about our bodies as well as our spirits and that the gender God gives us is fundamental to our God-given identity. This matters more than how we view ourselves psychologically. In addition to teaching that human beings are created beings, Genesis teaches that we are made in the image of God. This sets us apart from the animals. What this actually means, is not spelled out in Genesis. But according to Roberts, “This is surely one of the reasons why he [God] has forbidden us from making images of him. God has already created an image of himself: human beings.” He then suggests some of the ways we reflect God. We reflect God in our rationality, our ability to make moral choices and our creativity among other things. We also represent God. In the context of being made in the image of God, Genesis has mankind ruling over God’s creation as his representatives on earth. Finally, we are designed to relate to God in a way that animals are not. The implications of this doctrine are far-reaching. Being made in the image of God, we have great dignity, and thus murder which includes abortion is a terrible sin. He concludes the chapter by reminding us that despite the fall, the image of God remains in us, and through Christ it is being remade.

Chapter 3 brings a fairly balanced approach to God’s design for the earth. Genesis teaches that the earth was created by God. It is not an accident which would give it no intrinsic value, nor is it divine. Rather it is distinct from God, lower than him, but has great value. Furthermore, in stark contrast to many philosophies and religions, Scripture teaches that creation is good. It is ordered, beautiful and is designed to bring glory to God. Genesis also teaches that it is unfinished. Yes it was made perfect, but God gave orders to people to carry on the work he had begun with creation by asking them to work the garden, to fill the earth and have dominion over it. The second major point of the chapter is that earth was entrusted to people. We are designed to rule over the world under God. This is not to be in a destructive way, after all, God has spent Genesis 1 declaring what he made to be good, so why would he give human being permission to destroy it in the same chapter? The two tasks humans are given are to work the earth and take care of it. In other words, to develop the resources God has placed in the world, but to do this in a responsible manner. Roberts helpfully points out the dangers of two common extremes – development without conservation and conservation without development. These both ignore the twin aspects of God’s mandate to humans. He concludes the chapter by reminding the reader that the earth will be redeemed by Christ. Redemption is not only spiritual, but physical, involving the putting right of all of creation.

God’s design for sex and marriage is the subject of the fourth chapter. Roberts begins by talking about some of the impacts of the sexual revolution. One interesting statistic he mentioned was the cost of family breakdown in the United Kingdom which is estimated to be £10 billion or 1% of GDP. Genesis teaches that God is for sex. Contrary to the stereotype that Christianity is against sex, the first two chapters of Genesis teach that God created sex as part of his good creation. In Genesis we see two principles in sex. First is complementarity. God made male and female, both in the image of God, yet different. Men and women complement each other so that, in God’s creation design, when we come together we are a perfect fit. But sex was created as the means of reproduction. God’s first command is basically, “Have sex! Propagate!” In addition, sex is for marriage alone. Marriage is a life-long God-given institution and the only proper context for sex. It is exclusive, and forms a deep unity. Ultimately it is a picture of the relationship between Christ and the church.

In the final chapter, Roberts addresses what Genesis 1-2 teaches on the subject of work. Rather than being a corruption of God’s original design, work is a good part of God’s creation. Unfortunately work has been viewed as unspiritual, which is a hangover from a Greek view of the world. Some Christians took this view and decided there were two tiers of Christians. The first was described as the ‘perfect life’ where a priest, monk or nun dedicated their life to contemplation and spiritual things. The second tier was the ‘permitted life’, which was seen as secular. This was the realm of work, governing, farming, trading and raising a family. But this is not the Christian view. Roberts includes a brilliant quote from Mark Greene’s ‘Thank God it’s Monday’. “Work is not an intermission from the main action, something we do so we can then do other things: it is an integral part of the main action, an intrinsic part of our walk with God.” Genesis teaches us God is a worker and people were created to be his co-workers. God created Eden, but gave man the task of cultivating it. Thus work is itself spiritual. This, I think, is an important truth we of the laity need to grasp. We can serve God in day to day life. As a lawyer, or a factory worker, we do not need to feel ashamed that our job is not sufficiently Christian. We can serve God in whatever work we do! Nevertheless, work is not the goal of life. God rests from his work, and he wants us to enjoy his rest too. There is a little bit of discussion on whether the fourth commandment applies to us, and in the concluding section of the chapter, we are reminded of the tension between creation work and new creation work, and the importance of witness.

In summary, this is a very readable, clear and helpful unpacking of some of the core doctrines that spring from Genesis 1-2.

Art and the Bible

Untitled by Cy Twombly
“Untitled”

I have always been very sceptical of what is often referred to as ‘modern art’. How can Cy Twombly’s “Untitled” be compared to the “Mona Lisa” or “The Hay Wain”? Being artistically challenged doesn’t, I hope, stop me from being able to appreciate true talent. Twombly’s painting honestly looks like something I could achieve myself, despite my artistic limits not extending much further than stick figures. However, I doubt I could demand the 46 million USD it sold for. It does seem that some of what parades itself as art is pretentious and over-priced rubbish. And yet at the same time, decent young artists can find it difficult to break into the art world and be noticed.

To stimulate my thinking on the subject of art I read Art and the Bible by Francis Schaeffer. The first essay deals with Art in the Bible. Schaeffer begins by arguing that evangelicals can be so concerned with seeing souls saved that they can forget that Christ is Lord of the whole man, body and soul. God made the whole man, and in Christ, the whole man is redeemed. For Schaeffer, the Lordship of Christ involves everything – total culture, and that includes the area of creativity. Indeed, one of the ways we image God is in the area of creativity. So he spends quite a bit of time detailing God’s interest in beauty, and the variety of art that is mentioned in Scripture.

In the second half of the book, Schaeffer gives 11 perspectives which he thinks are helpful in evaluating art. There is plenty here that is food for thought. Of note is his fifth perspective, the four standards of judgment: technical excellence, validity, intellectual content and the world view that is expressed, and the integration of content and vehicle. So, for example, we might be able to praise a work for its technical excellence, but critique the worldview that it espouses. Christians can often be tripped up on this point!

Another extremely interesting point is perspective 2: art forms add strength to the world view. Schaeffer argues that art can heighten the impact and effect of an idea even if it is false. Thus, “if something untrue or immoral is stated in great art it can be far more destructive and devastating than if it is expressed in poor art or prosaic statement. I think this explains that feeling a Christian might sometimes have in a movie, where one wants a character to leave their spouse, or otherwise commit or get away with what is forbidden in God’s Word. Art is powerful.

Another interesting perspective from which to evaluate art is ‘normal definitions, normal syntax’. What Schaeffer means here is that an element of art is communication. Some art (poetry, painting plays) can bend the rules of language and grammar or symbolism so much that communication is lost. He writes, “Totally abstract art stands in an undefined relationship with the viewer, for the viewer is completely alienated from the painter.”

I was also interested by the point he made regarding non-Christian artists who are able to produce art according to a Christian worldview. His explanation for this was that when a large number of people in society are Christians, they can bring a kind of Christian consensus, and non-Christians can write or paint within and out of this contextual framework. This was clearly the case in Christendom, where although individual artists might not necessarily have been Christians, they lived and breathed a Christian context in a way which we no longer do.

For Schaeffer, we never look at just one piece of art, we look at it in the context of the body of an artist’s work. He encourages Christian artists to produce art within the context of their time, place and culture, and reminds us that Christian art should have two themes. One, which he calls the minor theme is associated with the fall. We are in a sinful world, and outside of God there is a lack of meaning and purpose, and even within God’s family, there is suffering and sin to deal with. But the major theme of Christian work, which we could call redemption, is meaning and purpose in both metaphysics and morality.

How The West Lost God

I have had my eye on this book for some time, and when a friend kindly gave me money to purchase a book, I snapped this up quick smart. The central thesis of the book is that just as religious decline leads to a decline in the family, so too, the decline in the two-parent nuclear family contributes to the decline of the church. Eberstadt describes family and faith as ’the invisible double helix of society – two spirals that when linked to one another can effectively reproduce, but whose strength and momentum depend on one another.’

In the first chapter, Eberstadt turns her attention to whether there has been a decline in Christianity in the West. There are some who argue this decline is itself an illusion. Although I didn’t need convincing of this fact, she argues fairly convincingly that there really has been a decline.

Eberstadt moves on to outline the conventional views regarding how the West lost God. The first view she investigates is that people stopped needing the imaginary comforts of religion. She spends time reviewing this theory but dismisses it because the demands of Christianity do not make it some crutch that makes life easier.

The second view she deals with is that Science, the Enlightenment and rationalism caused secularization. This is an extremely widely held view, but it just doesn’t fit the evidence. Christianity does not wax and wane in the way this theory predicts it should. Interestingly, in this section of the book, she highlights some interesting research on education and faith. The Enlightenment theory teaches us to expect that the more educated and wealthy people are, the less likely they are to have faith in God. This is precisely the opposite of what we see in a number of cases, and ‘contrary to popular belief, literacy and money do not drive secularism.’

Next, she moves onto the theory that the two world wars caused secularization. This is the view of Peter Hitchens in “Rage Against God”. While admitting this theory is not totally wrong, she highlights the fact that nations with disproportionate burdens of wartime all experienced a decline – Switzerland along with Germany and Great Britain. Furthermore, she wonders why later generations have not returned to the faith since they have known nothing by postwar prosperity. The next theory she addresses is that material progress caused us to realise we didn’t need God any more. But this theory is contradicted by the fact that religion seems to increase as the social ladder is climbed as mentioned earlier. Furthermore, faith has existed with great wealth throughout the ages. Why should this change now?

It seems that the believers of the secularization theory assumed faith was on its way out. They didn’t believe religion could wax as well as wane. It clearly has and does, so a theory is needed that can take this into account. This leads Eberstadt to explore the circumstantial evidence for her theory in chapter 3. She points out that sociologists have assumed that secularization and human development impact negatively human fertility rates. But this is an assumption. Perhaps the relationship goes the other way.

She notes that married people with children are more likely to go to church and be religious than single people. But why is this? Does faith drive family, or does family drive faith? Again she points to a link between faith and fertility. Those who are religious tend to have more children than those who are not. Eberstadt argues that instead of this being a one way street with faith driving family, at least some of the time, family drives faith, and sometimes this makes better sense of the facts.

Next, in chapter 4, Eberstadt moves on to consider some snapshots in the demographic record. Here she shows that family decline accompanies religious decline. Secondly, she notes that the trends of industrialization and urbanization mesh nicely with the decline of the family and faith. Both of these trends led to family decline, which in turn caused people to reject faith. The third piece of data she points to is the clear link between the most irreligious parts of the West and those that have the smallest, weakest and fewest natural families. A final and most interesting piece of evidence she investigates is the link between ‘family boomlets’ and ‘religious boomlets’. One example she highlights is the post-war mini religious boom, which overlay the better known post-war baby boom.

In chapter 5, she demonstrates how her theory answers the problems that the current theories of secularization have been unable to answer. It answers the problem of ‘American exceptionalism’. Why is America so religious, despite being one of the most advanced nations on earth? In America, there are more families following the traditional model, more marriages, and more children per woman than there are in Europe. According to Eberstadt, it also explains the male/female religious gender gap. She speculates that perhaps ‘women who are mothers tend to be more religious because the act of participating in creation, i.e., birth, is more immediate for them than that of men. Perhaps that fact inclines women “to be more open to the possibility of something greater than themselves.” The family factor also helps explain why 1960s was a pivotal year in secularization. The birth control pill approval changed relations between the sexes – and thus altered the natural family. Extramarital sex became much easier, and that has had a seismic impact on family formation and strength.

The Church has not helped, and according to Eberstadt has participated in its own downfall by ignoring the family factor. Here she explores reformist efforts in the church which made divorce more acceptable and allowed contraception and homosexuality. She sees these efforts as undermining the very thing the church relies on – strong families.

Chapter 7 ties all that she has written together. She points out that the experience of the natural family drives some people to religion. In addition, the Christian story is itself told through the prism of the family – without family, it makes less sense. For instance, God himself is described as our Heavenly Father. But for those who have not had a dedicated and loving father, this makes little sense. Moreover, the Christian code ‘becomes a lightning rod for criticism’. None of us like to be told that the way we do things is wrong. In an age of non-traditional and anti-traditional families, more and more people will take offence at the Christian message and its teachings on the family.

The book concludes with two chapters on the future. The first is a case for pessimism. Here we see that fewer people are getting married and having children. Fewer of those who are having children sustain a two-parent home. This is bound to negatively impact the church. But in chapter 9, we are presented the case for optimism. In essence, great catastrophes often lead to religious revival. The situation of the Western world, might be the decline necessary for faith to rise from the ashes. Secure and wealthy societies have been able to bankroll the decline of the family, but this might not be able to go on indefinitely.